Bio-Pyro Oils & Fuels Characterization

The matrix on this page maps standard characterization techniques for bio-pyro oils and fuels to related instruments available from BFAC-affiliated user facilities. Further, it provides brief descriptions of the value generated by the characterization routine for bio-oil/bio-fuel synthesis as well as upgrading in a refinery setting. Relevant ASTM procedures associated with the specific characterization routine are also listed.

 

Characterization Group  Relevant Instrument(s) Managing Facility Value for Bio-Fuel Synthesis & Refining Relevant ASTM Analogs
Volatiles & Compound Profiling Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive LC-MS MSF / SLMBR

Synthesis: Identifies exactly which chemical building blocks your reaction is creating, showing you if your catalyst is making the right fuel precursors.

Refining: Tracks how effectively hydrotreating is stripping away problematic oxygen and nitrogen atoms to turn crude bio-oil into clean hydrocarbons.

ASTM D7524, ASTM D2425
Detailed Hydrocarbon Speciation  ThermoFisher GCxGC VUV E-RISE Lab

Synthesis: Decodes the exact molecular architecture of your fuel by cleanly separating complex mixtures into distinct classes (e.g. Paraffins, Isoparaffins, Olefins, Naphthenes, Aromatics) in a single run. Even when different fuel molecules exit the column at the identical second, their unique light-absorption "fingerprints" let you tell them apart perfectly.

Refining: Allows refinery engineers to map out exactly how much performance-boosting alkane chains versus smoke-heavy aromatic ring structures are present, giving them the absolute composition breakdown needed to hit regulatory fuel targets without guesswork.

ASTM D8071
Biofuel Property Prediction ThermoFisher GCxGC VUV

E-RISE Lab

Synthesis: Calculate predicted values for sample physical and chemical properties such as density, viscosity, DCN, heat of vaporization.

Refining: Accelerates refinery optimization loops. 

 
Rapid Compound Screening Advion ExpressIon / CSM Mass Spectrometer MSF

Synthesis: Acts as a fast "checkpoint" to see if your reaction worked or if your fuel blend is contaminated before wasting time on deeper testing.

Refining: Quickly screens raw versus processed fuel batches to confirm if heavy molecules are breaking down.

Routine process control monitoring
Heavy Fraction & Asphaltene Profiling Waters rapifleX TOF/TOF (MALDI) MSF

Synthesis: Reveals the heavy, tar-like compounds formed by unwanted side-reactions so you can adjust cooking times or temperatures to minimize them.

Refining: Helps engineers predict if heavy "ends" will gum up refining equipment or block flow lines during processing.

Petroleomics heavy-ends mapping
Molecular Weight & Storage Aging Agilent-Wyatt & Tosoh EcoSEC GPC-MALS SLMBR

Synthesis: Shows if your recipe is producing consistent, targeted molecule sizes rather than random, messy chemical chains.

Refining: Measures fuel shelf-life by proving whether the fuel will stay stable during storage or slowly clump together into engine-clogging sludge.

ASTM D5185 / D7875 (Modified)
Functional Groups & Acidity Indicators Bruker Alpha ATR-FTIR SLMBR

Synthesis: Gives a quick snapshot of the fuel's chemical families (like acids or alcohols) to confirm your synthetic process is heading in the right direction.

Refining: Checks how acidic the fuel is. This tells refiners if the liquid will corrode metal pipes and storage tanks, or if it requires deep chemical neutralization.

ASTM E2412, ASTM D7371
Boiling Point Distribution & Ash Content TA Systems TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) SLMBR

Synthesis: Estimates how much usable fuel you can boil off versus how much useless, solid charcoal debris is left behind.

Refining: Simulates a mini refinery tower. It maps out exactly how much of your bio-oil will turn into gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel when heated.

ASTM D524, ASTM D482
Cold Flow Properties & Phase Behavior TA Systems DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) SLMBR

Synthesis: Evaluates fundamental molecular alignment to see if your synthetic fuel molecular structure is prone to early freezing.

Refining: Finds the exact temperature where the fuel begins to cloud or form wax crystals, ensuring planes and trucks won't stall in freezing winter weather.

ASTM D4419, ASTM D6751
Kinematic Viscosity & Flow Hydraulics TA Systems Rheometer SLMBR

Synthesis: Ensures the synthesized fuel matches the thickness profiles of traditional petroleum so it behaves correctly in standard infrastructure.

Refining: Tells refiners how much energy and pressure it will take to pump the bio-crude through refinery pipes at different temperatures.

ASTM D445, ASTM D2162
Aromaticity & Hydrocarbon Group Types High-Res Solution NMR (Bruker 400, 500, 700 MHz) NMR Facility

Synthesis: Measures the ratio of carbon to hydrogen. More hydrogen means a higher energy content, proving if your synthesis method creates a high-performance fuel.

Refining: Tells you if the fuel will burn cleanly (high Cetane/Octane indicators) or soot heavily, helping refiners optimize the blending recipe for commercial sale.

ASTM D5292
Solid Residue & Catalyst Deactivation Solid-State NMR (Bruker 400 WB, 700 MHz with MAS) NMR Facility

Synthesis: Examines the solid carbon byproduct (char) to learn how to change your reaction conditions and prevent losing valuable carbon to waste.

Refining: Peeks inside the pores of refining catalysts to see exactly how carbon build-up is "choking" or poisoning them, letting you design longer-lasting catalysts.

Catalyst structural fouling frameworks